Category: Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi

Islamic Hero – Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi, Hero of War at Balath Shuhada

An English poet, Southy, wrote about Islamic forces invading mainland Europe after taking control of Russia, he said:

“There are countless numbers of troops, some from the tribes of Barbarian, Roman, Persian, Qibti, Tartar, … all gathered under one banner, united by the great commander. His strength is strong, his enthusiasm stirs like fire and his brotherhood is amazing, does not discriminate between fellow humans.

In the soul of the Leader and the one who was led, there was a rounded determination to fight. They are optimistic about their invincible strength, and are sure that their forces will not find it difficult. Optimistic, that each step will be followed by victory. They continued to advance and advance until the Western world surrendered to the Eastern world, bowed to honor the name of Muhammad sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam.

People from the poles that are full of frozen ice mountains come all the way to performing the Hajj. Crossing the Sahara with bare feet with faith, walking in the hot desert in Arabia, standing on the steep rocks of Mecca. “

Indeed, what you say is not far from reality. Your imagination is also not missed. Soldiers led by the Mujahideen did want to free your ancestors from the darkness of ignorance, as you mentioned.

Participating in these forces is the mighty Arabs. Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala raised them and guided him to come to you from Sham, Hijaz, Nejd, Yemen and the corners of the Arabian Peninsula, rolling up everything like a storm. They were accompanied by Barbarians who were proud of their Islam, who descended from the Atlas mountains, sweeping like a flood. Also the Persians, who had escaped the shackles of the emperor’s paganism and entered into the religion of monotheism, a straight path. Not to forget the Romans, defectors in your opinion, indeed they defected from tyranny and darkness to the bright light of heaven and earth and received guidance towards a holy religion. Then the people of Qibti, who were free from slavery and shackles who strangled their necks, turned to an independent free life under the banner of Islam, returning to the sacred as when their mothers were born.

Exactly, indeed the forces led by Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi and the elders of Daang to release your ancestors from belenggu jahiliyah. Among them are white, black, Arabic, and Ajam (non-Arabic). But they are united in Islam. The pleasure of God makes them brothers. Their enthusiasm as you mentioned is putting Europeans into the religion of God as people in the Eastern Hemisphere and Africa. So that all humanity is subject to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, the creator of the universe.

With the light of Islam will illuminate your plains and valleys, the sun radiates in each of your homes and justice stands between your people and your rulers. They are determined to sacrifice their precious lives to guide you to the path of God and save you from hellfire.

Now, let us follow the end of the journey of the Islamic forces and their great commander, Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi.

The news of the death of Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah and the fate of his beautiful daughter, Minin, surprised Duke Octania. He realized that the war drums had been beaten. Sooner or later the Islamic lion, Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi will invade at any time, no matter day or night.

Emperor Duke Octania immediately prepared himself to defend every inch of his territory. It’s just that bad shadows always haunt him. He was worried that he would become a prisoner of the Muslims like his daughter who was now sent to Sham. He was afraid that his head would be beheaded and then put on the trays and paraded around the city like Loderik, king of Andaluisia.

Allegedly Duke Octania was right, suddenly Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi really came along with an extraordinarily large army, storming from Northern Spain like a tidal wave and descending into the South of France from the Pyrenees mountains like a flood. The soldiers reached 100,000 people and each battalion was accompanied by a large selection of large soldiers.

Islamic warriors entered through the city of Arles located on the banks of the Rhone river. The consideration is because the city is bound by a peace treaty with Muslims and has agreed to the obligation to pay jizyah. But apparently after the governor of as-Samah bin Malik al-Khaulani died in Toulouse and the Muslim forces weakened, they violated the agreement and refused to pay jizyah.

The arrival of Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi and his forces on the Azil border, was welcomed by a large force prepared by Duke Octania to hamper the advance of the Islamic forces. Two opposing powers. The big war is inevitable.

The first troops deployed by Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi were special forces who loved death more than love

An English poet, Southy, wrote about Islamic forces invading mainland Europe after taking control of Russia, he said:

“There are countless numbers of troops, some from the tribes of Barbarian, Roman, Persian, Qibti, Tartar, … all gathered under one banner, united by the great commander. His strength is strong, his enthusiasm stirs like fire and his brotherhood is amazing, does not discriminate between fellow humans.

In the soul of the Leader and the one who was led, there was a rounded determination to fight. They are optimistic about their invincible strength, and are sure that their forces will not find it difficult. Optimistic, that each step will be followed by victory. They continued to advance and advance until the Western world surrendered to the Eastern world, bowed to honor the name of Muhammad sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam.

People from the poles that are full of frozen ice mountains come all the way to performing the Hajj. Crossing the Sahara with bare feet with faith, walking in the hot desert in Arabia, standing on the steep rocks of Mecca. “

Indeed, what you say is not far from reality. Your imagination is also not missed. Soldiers led by the Mujahideen did want to free your ancestors from the darkness of ignorance, as you mentioned.

Participating in these forces is the mighty Arabs. Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala raised them and guided him to come to you from Sham, Hijaz, Nejd, Yemen and the corners of the Arabian Peninsula, rolling up everything like a storm. They were accompanied by Barbarians who were proud of their Islam, who descended from the Atlas mountains, sweeping like a flood. Also the Persians, who had escaped the shackles of the emperor’s paganism and entered into the religion of monotheism, a straight path. Not to forget the Romans, defectors in your opinion, indeed they defected from tyranny and darkness to the bright light of heaven and earth and received guidance towards a holy religion. Then the people of Qibti, who were free from slavery and shackles who strangled their necks, turned to an independent free life under the banner of Islam, returning to the sacred as when their mothers were born.

Exactly, indeed the forces led by Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi and the elders of Daang to release your ancestors from belenggu jahiliyah. Among them are white, black, Arabic, and Ajam (non-Arabic). But they are united in Islam. The pleasure of God makes them brothers. Their enthusiasm as you mentioned is putting Europeans into the religion of God as people in the Eastern Hemisphere and Africa. So that all humanity is subject to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, the creator of the universe.

With the light of Islam will illuminate your plains and valleys, the sun radiates in each of your homes and justice stands between your people and your rulers. They are determined to sacrifice their precious lives to guide you to the path of God and save you from hellfire.

Now, let us follow the end of the journey of the Islamic forces and their great commander, Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi.

The news of the death of Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah and the fate of his beautiful daughter, Minin, surprised Duke Octania. He realized that the war drums had been beaten. Sooner or later the Islamic lion, Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi will invade at any time, no matter day or night.

Emperor Duke Octania immediately prepared himself to defend every inch of his territory. It’s just that bad shadows always haunt him. He was worried that he would become a prisoner of the Muslims like his daughter who was now sent to Sham. He was afraid that his head would be beheaded and then put on the trays and paraded around the city like Loderik, king of Andaluisia.

Allegedly Duke Octania was right, suddenly Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi really came along with an extraordinarily large army, storming from Northern Spain like a tidal wave and descending into the South of France from the Pyrenees mountains like a flood. The soldiers reached 100,000 people and each battalion was accompanied by a large selection of large soldiers.

Islamic warriors entered through the city of Arles located on the banks of the Rhone river. The consideration is because the city is bound by a peace treaty with Muslims and has agreed to the obligation to pay jizyah. But apparently after the governor of as-Samah bin Malik al-Khaulani died in Toulouse and the Muslim forces weakened, they violated the agreement and refused to pay jizyah.

The arrival of Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi and his forces on the Azil border, was welcomed by a large force prepared by Duke Octania to hamper the advance of the Islamic forces. Two opposing powers. The big war is inevitable.

The first troops deployed by Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi were special forces who loved death more than the love of the enemy for life. They succeeded in destabilizing and finally destroying the enemy ranks. The battle continued to spread into the city. Swords flashed to the left and right. Islamic forces get the ghanimah results out of calculation.

But unfortunately, Duke Octania managed to escape from the field along with the remnants of his troops. So he still has the potential to get ready for the next battle, because he is aware that the battle in Arles was just the beginning of a long war.

Together with his troops, Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi crossed the Garonne river. They won victory for victory. One by one, the cities of Octania can be captured through their cavalry forces, such as leaves bearing the wind. Ghanimah has piled up to an amount that has never been encountered before.

Duke Octania tried to stem the Islamic forces for the second time by preparing for a major battle. But even this time the Muslims are able to overcome it. They beat and destroyed his army. Duke Octania again escaped leaving the soldiers in turmoil. Many were killed, not a few were captured and some were running away from the battlefield.

The next target of the attack was Bordeaux, the largest city in France at that time as well as the capital of Octania. The war to fight for Bordeaux is no less exciting than the wars that have been past. The defense system is certainly more robust. But with a tireless struggle, this big city can be captured by Muslim forces like other cities. The commanders of the enemy fall as friends who have overtaken them.

There are many treasures ghanimah obtained in this war. But more important is the fall of Bordeaux which is the key to opening other important French cities, such as Lyon, Besancon and Sens, so that the position of Islamic forces at that time was only a hundred miles away from Paris.

The European world was shocked to find that the South of France had surrendered to Abdurrahman. al-Ghafiqi in just a few months. The eyes of the Western world are open to the great danger facing them.

Suggestions for participation echoed throughout Europe. Everyone, capable or not, is expected to participate in stemming the heavy East flow. If you are unable to stem with a sword, you should hold it with your chest. If the weapon runs out, the road should be closed with their bodies. Europe rose to welcome the call. People came from all directions carrying everything that could be used, stones, wood, thorns and swords. They united under the command of Karel Martel.

At the same time Islamic warriors arrived in Tours, a French city that was densely populated and kept beautiful old buildings. The city is proud of its magnificent churches that are the most beautiful in all of Europe and contain full of priceless wealth.

Islamic warriors surrounded the circle like a horse’s bridle wrapped around the horse’s neck. They are ready to sacrifice their lives to take this city. And indeed, Tours fell before the eyes and hearing of Karel Martel.

End of the month Sya’ban 104 H Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi along with his mighty troops entered the city of Poitiers. They were welcomed by a large European force led by Karel Martel. The great war between the two forces was not only recorded in the history of Islam and the West, but also in the history of mankind. The battle was known by the name, “Balath Shuhada,” because of the many Islamic soldiers who were martyred.

At that time the Islamic forces were truly in the glorious peak of glory. But unfortunately, their backs are too heavy to bear the abundant results of the ghanimah. Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi witnessed it with a sad and worried heart. He worried about the condition of the troops. How can you calm down while the hearts and minds of the soldiers begin to switch to those possessions? In decisive moments their souls are divided, one eye looks at the enemy and the other one glances at the treasures of Ghanimah.

Abdurrahman was eager to encourage his troops to break away from the ghanimah which was piled up. But he doubted whether they could accept the decision happily. So there was no other way except that he had to collect all the ghanimah in the tents which were functioned as warehouses. Then it was put behind the base before the war broke out.

Two forces of equal size take the opposite position. Some days the atmosphere feels tense. Silent and full of inquiry, like two big mountains. Each measures the strength of your opponent and thinks a thousand times to choose the right time to attack.

Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi began to break through the Western defenses with his army like a lion that struck ferociously. The West survives like a strong fortress. A battle raged all day and there were no signs of victory on either side. Had it not been blocked by the darkness of the night, surely they would not have stopped fighting.

Entering the second day, the battle flared up again. Islamic soldiers attacked bravely and strong determination, but the Western defense was not yet deterred.

The war lasted for seven consecutive days violently. On the eighth day, little by little the enemy ranks began to tear apart. Winning hopes began to appear. Like a dawn of light in the morning. But at the same time, a group of Western warriors attacked the storage area of ​​the Ghanimah treasure and controlled it almost entirely easily. Seeing this, the Islamic forces began to falter. Most of them retreated backwards to save the treasure of the ghanimah to damage the front row defense.

The Commander-in-Chief Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi persistently tried to prevent his soldiers from receding backwards, while continuing to hold back the flow of attacks from the front and cover the weak gaps. He moves quickly here and there with his mighty horse. At that moment an arrow hit his body so he fell from a horse like an eagle that fell from the top of a mountain. Then the martyrdom was manifested in the coveted battlefield.

As for the Islamic forces, seeing the commander’s death, they are increasingly in disarray, while the enemy is increasingly eager to push forward. Nobody was able to stop their ferocity other than the night that began to creep.

In the morning Karel Martel found that Islamic forces had withdrawn from the battlefield of Pioitiers. But he did not dare to pursue. Even if he pursued him, he would surely succeed in destroying the Muslims. He thought that the retreat of the Islamic forces was intentional to lure them out of the open field. He thought it was a new Muslim strategy planned the night before. So Karel Martel chose to stay in place and feel enough to stem the forces that endanger it, then enjoy the victory he achieved.

Balath Shuhada has become a monumental event in history. On that day the Muslims had wasted a golden opportunity that was wide open, and even lost a great leader and formidable hero named Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi. The event was like a heartbreaking tragedy of Uhud.

Thus, everything has become the sunnatullah of His servants, no one has the power to change or replace it.

The news of the defeat at Balath Shuhada was a slap that shook the Muslims in all corners. Grief and sorrow struck every village and city, entering every Islamic house. The wound is still painful, and will still be remembered while there is still a Muslim on the surface of this earth. But, don’t you think the tragedy is just sad for the Muslims. Westerners who have common sense also feel that way. For them, the victory of their ancestors over the Muslims in Poititers was a big disaster for humankind, especially harming Europe in achieving progress.

As proof of this group’s opinion, let us consider the commentary on the defeat of the Muslims at Balath Shuhada, by the editor in chief of the “Parliamentary Review” magazine Henry de Syambon, “If not for Karel Martel’s victory over the Islamic forces in France, of course our country no need to sink into the darkness of ignorance in medieval times. It won’t be that bad. And we also do not need to experience a massive massacre based on the fanaticism of religious sects. True, had it not been for the Western victory at that time, Spain would have been able to live in pure Islamic wisdom, survive the cruelty of intelligence agencies and not be late in receiving the flow of progress for eight centuries. Although there are differences in taste and views about the victory, what is clear is that we are truly indebted to the Muslims for the progress of the noble science, art and culture that they carry. We must recognize that Muslims are perfect examples of humanity when we were still ferocious Barbarian humans. “

Tabi’in’s story: Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi, Governor of Andalusia

After the caliph Umar bin Abdil Aziz cleaned his hands after attending the funeral of his uncle’s son, Caliph Sulaiman bin Abdul Malik, he held a large-scale turn of the governors and officials. Among the new officials inaugurated were as-Samah bin Malik al-Khaulani who was responsible for all of Andalusia (now Spain and Portugal ed.) And several cities he had conquered in France.

This new governor immediately occupied his place of service in Spain. Then observe the situation and look for good friends who can help him. The first time he asked was, “Is there still a generation of senior tabi’in here?” The people answered, “Still, here there is still a main tabi’in named Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi.” Then they praised tabi knowledge and expertise ‘in this about the traditions of the Prophet sallallaahu’ alaihi wa sallam, his role in jihad, his longing for syahadah fi sabillah and zuhud for the pleasures of the world. He also studied with his main friend, Abdullah bin Umar bin Khathth whose knowledge and behavior were very similar to his father.

Governor as-Samah bin Malik immediately invited Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi. The arrival of the character Tabi’in was greeted with respect, then the two of them sat side by side finally surrendering after four weeks of defending in a terrible battle that had never been witnessed by Europe.

The next target is Toulouse, the capital of Octania. Without wasting time, Islamic forces immediately installed a kind of mines in various places, then began attacks with unknown weapons in Europe. Almost this city surrendered, except that an unexpected event occurred. Let’s follow how a French orientalist named Rhino described the great war:

The glory on the part of the Islamic forces is at the door. At that time, King Octania left for Europe to look for reinforcements. He spread messengers throughout the country. He provoked the kings of Europe by warning of the dangers of Islamic expansion which would spread to their territory as well. So that women and their children are prisoners. The result, not a single country but sent troops in particular complete with weapons that became their mainstay.

The number of troops was so large, the roar of the voices of the soldiers and the complete weapons of war had never been seen by the world before that. Until the flying dust covers the city of Rhone from the sun, because of the many feet that step on it.

When the two camps were facing each other, people imagined that the mountain was facing a mountain. A fierce war is inevitable. as-Samah bin Malik was always at the front line. He was nicknamed Dzaama, moving swiftly to the right and left wing tirelessly. That’s when the arrow slid about him. So the mighty supreme commander fell and was martyred.

As soon as he learned that the commander was dead, shake the Islamic forces. Fall down in their mental struggle, then the ranks start to mess. They moved backwards and it was almost certain that European forces had succeeded in destroying them if at that critical moment did not appear the smart and formidable figure that had been respected by Europeans, namely Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi.

Under the command of the new commander, the Islamic forces moved backwards without suffering much loss. They moved to Spain with determination to make up for their defeat.

Thus, the great war of Toulouse gave birth to an agile new commander and managed to save the Islamic army from the emergence of many victims. If the troops are like caravans that almost die of thirst in the middle of the Sahara, then Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi is the one who presents them with drinks. He became the foundation of the Muslim soldiers to restore strength and guide them away from the many fallen victims.

It is no exaggeration if the battle of Toulouse incised the first wound that was very painful for the Islamic forces since setting foot on the European continent. The presence of Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi was the antidote to the wound and with his loving hand he cared for them with all his attention.

The news of the defeat of the Islamic forces finally reached the ears of the Caliph in Damascus and fostered a burning determination to avenge the fall of as-Samah bin Malik al-Khaulani. He ordered that all soldiers carry out bai’at to Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi. Now he is appointed as the leader of all Spain and the regions of France that have been successfully controlled. With this position he gained autonomy to regulate the strategy he wanted.

The decision was not a ridiculous act, because Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi was indeed an agile, assertive, honest, clean, wise and brave.

New leader Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi is not wasting time. He immediately restored the Islamic forces, forged the determination of the soldiers, restored their confidence, honor and strength. All aimed at continuing the obsession of Spanish Muslim figures since the Age of Moses bin Nushair to as-Samah bin Malik, namely ruling France, Italy, Germany to Constantinople, and making the middle white sea as an ocean of Islam and renaming the Roman sea into the sea of ​​Sham.

It is believed that Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi examined and responded to all the complaints. Acting on those who apply persecution and returning the rights of weak people. He examined the churches that were seized and returned them to the rightful ones, destroying new buildings that were erected from bribes. Then examine the officials one by one and dismiss officials who are proven to be treacherous or deviant. Then replace it with people who can be trusted abilities and morals. Every time he entered an area, he called on his people to pray for the congregation, then gave sermons to pump up the spirit of jihad and arouse their longing for recitation and death.

Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi is not only good at talking. Since taking control of his power, he is also busy preparing various important facilities and infrastructure. Guns were produced, exercises were held, damaged fortresses were fixed and bridges were built. One of the historic bridges that can be witnessed until now is that built in Cordova, the capital of Spain. The bridge crosses a large river that can be used for traffic and keeps the country from the danger of flooding. The bridge is one of the wonders of the world. Its length reaches 800 ba (one ba ’as long as two hands), height 60 ba’, wide 20 ba ’with 18 sluice gates and 19 pillars, until now become the pride of Spanyaol nation.

Every time Abdurrahman visited each region, he did not forget to have a meeting with the leaders of the armed forces and community leaders. He noticed and noted their views and proposals. He listened more to the responses in the meetings than to speak. A similar meeting was held for zhimmi leaders who were bound by an agreement with Muslims. Not infrequently he asked to detail the matters concerning the country and their leaders.

Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi once invited a French-born zhimmi who was bound by an agreement. Among the contents of the conversation are as follows. Abdurrahman asked, “Why is your king, Syarl not come down to help other kings who fight with us?” The Zhimmi replied, “O governor, you have kept our promises. You have the right to trust us and we will answer everything you ask honestly. Surely your great commander, Musa bin Nushair has succeeded in taking control of all of Spain. Then he wanted to cross the Pyrenees mountains that separated Spain from our beautiful country. So the little kings and monks came to our king and said: “What shame will come upon us, O king? We heard about the Muslims and thought they would come from the East, but apparently they emerged from the West and immediately controlled Spain. Even though this country has strong weapons and defense. Now they are beginning to crawl in the mountains that limit Spain to our country. Actually their numbers are small, weapons are few and most do not have war clothes that can protect the body from the swords of swords or stout horses to ride on the battlefield. “

Then the supreme king said, “I have thought this problem deeply and I think for now we do not need to face them directly. They’re steel-minded people, like big waves that sweep away all barriers and dump them where they like. In addition, they are people who have a strong aqidah so they don’t pay attention to numbers and weapons. They have faith and honesty that are far more valuable than weapons, war clothes or horses. Therefore, it is better for us to let them, the Muslims continue to accumulate wealth and ghanimah, then build houses and buildings and multiply the number of male and female slaves and see, they will surely fight for power. At that time we can conquer them easily without many sacrifices … “

Shocked Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi, sad to hear the news. He sighed deeply then dispersed the assembly as the prayer times entered.

Two full years Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi prepared himself to meet the great war. He formed army units and ceaselessly burned their jihad. In addition, he also requested assistance from Islamic leaders in Africa to send their soldiers who had the courage of jihad and longed for martyrdom.

After that, he sent Utsman bin Abi Nus’ah amir to the border to occupy the enemy with sporadic attacks while waiting for the core forces led by Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi to arrive on the battlefield.

However, it turned out that the choice of Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi was wrong. Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah is an ambitious but weak man. The distance from the leader opened the opportunity for him to take steps that could raise his name regardless of other issues. He even kidnapped Duke Octania’s daughter, Minin, a very beautiful princess. In her, she collected beauty, nobility, young age, and wealth as residents of the palace. No wonder if Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah finally became crazy about him and paid more attention than to a wife. The princess proposed that Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah enter into a peace agreement with Duke Octania accompanied by a guarantee that Minin’s father was safe from attacks by Islamic warriors.

That is, when the order of Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi arrived to invade the territory of Duke Octania, a sense of hesitation enveloped Ibn Abi Nus’ah’s heart. He did not know what to do, but then he persuaded Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi to cancel his order. He really was unable to betray his promise to his father-in-law before his end.

Not playing furiously Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi was so aware of his case. Through the envoy, he advised Utsman bin Abi Nus’ah. “The agreement that you do without the permission of the leader is invalid, so there is no obligation for Islamic soldiers to obey it. Now carry out my orders immediately, attack the enemy right now! “

Ibnu Abi Nus’ah felt hopeless because he failed to soften the attitude of his governor. He immediately sent an envoy to his father’s father to tell him what had happened and warned him to be on guard against the Muslim forces.

But unfortunately, the spy Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi who always supervised his movements knew this and reported the relationship between Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah and the enemy to Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi. Immediately afterwards, al-Ghafiqi sent a particularly strong force under the command of Mujahid to bring Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah, alive or dead.

The attack is sudden. The operation was almost successful, but Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah managed to escape from siege. He ran to the mountain accompanied by several people, as well as Minin, his beautiful wife who could no longer be separated from him.

That did not make Islamic soldiers broke. They continued to chase and finally managed to corner the traitor somewhere. Finally, Uthman bin Abi Nus’ah defended himself completely. He died because of the many stabs and spears of the sword that wounded his body. His body was immediately sent to Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi with his wife.

As soon as he saw Minin, Abdurrahman al-Ghafiqi immediately turned his face away. The woman is indeed amazing. Then he was sent to Damascus to be handed over to the Caliph. So the history of the French woman was finished in the palace of Umawi in Damascus.